This is a working overview of GW501516, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
This page was last updated on 2026-08-01 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Laboratory studies have examined GW501516 in cell cultures and rodents for conditions such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and obesity. Some trials in humans were initiated, but development was discontinued after preclinical findings raised concerns about cancer in certain models. Those findings do not prove that the compound causes cancer in people, but they contributed to regulatory caution. Later reviews often describe the evidence as preliminary and insufficient for assessing long-term safety.
In the fitness and bodybuilding literature, cardarine is frequently discussed as an endurance agent or fat-loss compound, although such claims are not supported by robust clinical evidence. Online descriptions often mix animal data, user anecdotes, and marketing language. Researchers who study PPARδ agonists distinguish between receptor activation in controlled experiments and unsupervised use of unverified products. The latter introduces unknown purity, dose, and interactions, making reported experiences difficult to interpret scientifically.
GW501516 acts as an agonist at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, a nuclear receptor involved in transcription of genes related to lipid handling and energy use. Activation of PPARδ can shift skeletal muscle toward greater fatty acid oxidation in animal models, which is one reason it drew interest for metabolic disease and exercise research. The exact downstream effects depend on tissue, species, dose, and duration. Human data are sparse, so many proposed benefits remain hypotheses rather than established clinical outcomes.
Handling and quality assessment of cardarine reference material follow general laboratory practices for poorly characterized compounds. It typically appears as a white to off-white powder and is sparingly soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. Storage recommendations usually specify a cool, dry, dark place, with long-term storage at low temperature and desiccation. Purity may be checked by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, while identity is confirmed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. No pharmacopeial monograph exists, so reported purity and stability depend on the supplier’s methods.
GW501516 acts as a selective agonist at PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that regulates transcription of genes involved in lipid handling and energy metabolism. Activation of PPARδ in preclinical models increases fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and exercise endurance in rodents. These effects have made the compound a subject of metabolic research and also a target for sport anti-doping rules. In humans, however, controlled studies are limited, and whether similar endurance or metabolic changes occur at tolerated exposures remains an open question. The receptor’s broad tissue distribution also means downstream effects may vary by organ and condition.
Detection of GW501516 in biological samples generally relies on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is a common matrix in anti-doping analysis, while blood or plasma may be used in research settings. Sample preparation can involve enzymatic hydrolysis, protein precipitation, or solid-phase extraction before instrumental analysis. Because the compound undergoes metabolism, assays may target the parent molecule, one or more metabolites, or both. Detection windows are not fixed; they depend on factors such as dose, route, individual metabolism, and assay sensitivity. Reference standards are required for accurate identification and quantification.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Solubility | Soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide and some organic solvents; practically insoluble in water | Solvent choice affects laboratory handling |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated, protected from light | Common condition for research samples |
| Analytical method | Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) | Used for identification and quantification in biological or product samples |
| Common synonyms | GW501516, GW-501516, GSK-516, Endurobol | Names found in research and anti-doping literature |
| Regulatory status | Unapproved therapeutic; prohibited in competitive sport | Status can vary by country and context |
Clinical development stopped after rodent studies showed tumors at multiple sites. Whether those findings predict human cancer risk remains an open question, but they led sponsors to discontinue programs. Human safety data are limited to small, short-term studies that were not designed to assess cancer risk. Reported effects in those studies included changes in blood lipids, but the evidence is insufficient for medical use. Long-term consequences of nonmedical use are not well characterized. Questions about dose, duration, and individual susceptibility remain unresolved.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, an investigational compound developed in the 1990s for metabolic conditions. It acts as an agonist at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, a nuclear receptor involved in lipid and energy metabolism. The compound is frequently mislabeled as a selective androgen receptor modulator, or SARM, but its molecular target is different. GW501516 reached early clinical testing before development was discontinued. It has no approved therapeutic use in any country. The name cardarine is not a formal international nonproprietary name.
GW501516 acts on PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that helps regulate fatty acid oxidation and energy homeostasis. In animal studies, activation of this receptor was associated with increased endurance and changes in lipid metabolism. Human trials examined effects on blood lipids and other metabolic markers, but the compound did not advance to approval. Rodent studies later reported tumors in multiple tissues at doses used in those experiments. Whether those findings translate to human risk remains uncertain, and the clinical relevance of the animal data is still debated.
Regulatory bodies treat GW501516 as a prohibited substance in competitive sport. The World Anti-Doping Agency added it to the prohibited list, and it falls under classes covering metabolic modulators and hormone-related agents. It is not approved by drug regulators for human use, and it is not a lawful dietary supplement. Products sold under the cardarine name may contain unlisted ingredients or different compounds. Because no approved product exists, quality and identity are not guaranteed by pharmaceutical manufacturing standards.
Cardarine is a common name for the investigational chemical GW501516, also written GW-1516. It was developed as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonist for metabolic conditions such as dyslipidemia. Early research focused on lipid handling and energy use in skeletal muscle and other tissues. The compound was never approved as a medicine. In public discussion, it is often grouped with performance-enhancing substances, although its receptor target differs from that of anabolic steroids or selective androgen receptor modulators. Regulatory and health authorities have issued warnings about its use.
Cardarine is explicitly prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency under the class of PPARδ agonists. Its presence in urine or blood samples can be detected using mass spectrometry-based methods, often liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Athletes who test positive may face sanctions, including bans from competition. The compound is also regulated as a prescription-only or unapproved drug in many countries. Enforcement varies by jurisdiction, and some regions treat it as a controlled substance. Online sales may occur despite these restrictions, creating quality and legal risks.
Laboratory detection of cardarine typically involves sample preparation followed by chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric identification. Urine is the most common matrix for anti-doping tests, though blood and hair have also been explored. Methods can target the parent compound or its metabolites, depending on the expected window of detection. Reference standards are required for accurate quantification. Matrix effects and dilution can influence results, so laboratories use internal standards and validation protocols. The exact detection window varies with dose, route, and individual metabolism.
A health professional who works directly with patients, or uses data from patients, to do research on health and disease and to develop new treatments. Clinical researchers may also do research on how health care practices affect health and disease. (NCI) Clinical series
People with high levels of factor VIII are at increased risk for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Copper is a required cofactor for factor VIII and copper deficiency is known to increase the activity of factor VIII. Factor VIII is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
== External links == Sharma, Vasundhara; Rao, Lingamallu Jagan Mohan (January 2014). "An Overview on Chemical Composition, Bioactivity and Processing of Leaves of Cinnamomum tamala". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 54 (4): 433–448. doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.587615. PMID 24236996. S2CID 46178245. Pandey, A. K.; Mishra, A. K.; Mishra, A. (22 December 2012). "Antifungal and antioxidative potential of oil and extracts derived from leaves of Indian spice plant Cinnamomum tamala". Cellular and Molecular Biology. 58 (1): 142–147. PMID 23273204. Indian bay-leaf page from Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages
Teacher of Mathematics, Grange Academy, Kilmarnock. For services to Mathematics Education and to the community in East Ayrshire. Professor Matthew David Snape. Lately Professor in Paediatrics and Vaccinology, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford. For services to Public Health, particularly during Covid-19. Ellen Somme. Founder, Teddy Trust. For services to Vulnerable Children. Keith Wyn Sorrell. Lately Chief Executive Officer, Windsor Academy Trust. For services to Education. Stephen Terence Sorrell. Director, Small Things Creative Projects Community Interest Company. For services to Arts and Culture in Greater Manchester. Julie Spencer. Head of Student Wellbeing Service, University of Lincoln. For services to Education. Karen Eleanor Spiers. Senior Charge Nurse, NHS Lanarkshire. For services to Dementia Care in Hospital. Robert Jeffrey Stelling. Lately Broadcaster, Sky Sports. For services to Sport, to Broadcasting and to Charity. Richard Alexander Stewart. Lately Trustee and Chair of Trustees, St. John's School and College. For services to Children and Young People with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities. Amanda St John Davey. National Chair, Women in Property. For services to Working Women. Dr. Andrew Stott. Lately Science Adviser, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. For services to Nature and Climate. Professor Peter Alister Stott. Deputy Head of Climate Science and Science Fellow, Met Office. For services to Climate Science. The Reverend Professor Elizabeth Bridget Stuart. Lately Deputy Vice-Chancellor, University of Winchester.
=== Macroscopic examination === Visual examination of the specimen may provide information to the pathologist or the physician. For example, fluid drained from an abscess may appear cloudy, or cerebrospinal fluid obtained by lumbar puncture may exhibit xanthochromia, suggesting a bleed has occurred. Laboratory technologists may provide qualitative descriptions accordingly.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
CPA is widely available throughout the world, and is marketed in almost every developed country, with the notable major exceptions of the United States and Japan. In almost all countries in which CPA is marketed, it is available both alone and in combination with an estrogen in birth control pills. CPA is marketed widely in combination with both ethinylestradiol and estradiol valerate. CPA-containing birth control pills are available in South Korea, but CPA as a standalone medication is not marketed in this country. In Japan and South Korea, the closely related antiandrogen and progestin chlormadinone acetate, as well as other medications, are used instead of CPA. Specific places in which CPA is marketed include the United Kingdom, elsewhere throughout Europe, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Latin America, and Asia. CPA is not marketed in most of Africa and the Middle East. It has been said that the lack of availability of CPA in the United States explains why there are relatively few studies of it in the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions such as hyperandrogenism and hirsutism in women.
Patients starting morphine may experience nausea and vomiting (generally relieved by a short course of antiemetics such as phenergan). Pruritus (itching) may require switching to a different opioid. Constipation occurs in almost all patients on opioids, and laxatives (lactulose, macrogol-containing or co-danthramer) are typically co-prescribed. Opioid tolerance should not be confused with opioid-induced hyperalgesia. The symptoms of these two conditions can appear very similar but the mechanism of action is different. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia is when exposure to opioids increases the sensation of pain (hyperalgesia) and can even make non-painful stimuli painful (allodynia).
== Scientific implications and other uses == SPINA-Beta significantly correlates with biomarkers for the allostatic load. The direction is positive, i. e., higher allostatic load is associated with higher beta cell function. This is probably due to increased beta cell mass as a result of dynamical compensation. Together with the reconstructed insulin receptor gain (SPINA-GR), SPINA-GBeta provides the foundation for the definition of a fasting based disposition index of insulin-glucose homeostasis (SPINA-DI). In combination with SPINA-GR and whole-exome sequencing, calculating SPINA-GBeta helped to identify a new form of monogenetic diabetes (MODY) that is characterised by primary insulin resistance and results from a missense variant of the type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) gene (p.N2291D).
The policy envisages to integrate all the fishermen with agricultural farmers and provide all the facilities available through various farmer welfare schemes to the fishermen. A new dedicated department of Fisheries was constituted in a newly carved out Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying to implement this and other policy initiatives of the government.
== Overdose == Overdose in animals produced effects including convulsions, tremor, paralysis, inactivity, extremity erythema, abnormal breathing, cyanosis, ataxia, mydriasis, and injection site reactions. The elimination half-life of sumatriptan in humans is 2.5 hours. The effect of dialysis on sumatriptan levels is unknown. Overdose of sumatriptan can cause sulfhemoglobinemia, a rare condition in which the blood changes from red to green, due to the integration of sulfur into the hemoglobin molecule. If sumatriptan is discontinued, the condition reverses within a few weeks.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Further reading == Stanislao Cannizzaro (1858). Sketch of a Course of Chemical Philosophy. The Alembic Club. John Dalton (1808). A New System of Chemical Philosophy vol. 1. John Dalton (1817). A New System of Chemical Philosophy vol. 2. J. P. Millington (1906). John Dalton. J. M. Dent & Co. (London); E. P. Dutton & Co. (New York). Jaume Navarro (2012). A History of the Electron: J. J. and G. P. Thomson. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00522-8. Trusted, Jennifer (1999). The Mystery of Matter. MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-76002-6. Charles Adolphe Wurtz (1881) The Atomic Theory, D. Appleton and Company, New York. Rocke, Alan J. (1984). Chemical Atomism in the Nineteenth Century: From Dalton to Cannizzaro. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8142-0360-6. Thomas Thomson (1807). A System of Chemistry: In Five Volumes, Volume 3. John Brown. Thomas Thomson (1831). The History of Chemistry, Volume 2. H. Colburn, and R. Bentley.
The molecular basis for genes is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is composed of deoxyribose (sugar molecule), a phosphate group, and a base (amine group). There are four types of bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). The phosphates make phosphodiester bonds with the sugars to make long phosphate-sugar backbones. Bases specifically pair together (T&A, C&G) between two backbones and make like rungs on a ladder. The bases, phosphates, and sugars together make a nucleotide that connects to make long chains of DNA. Genetic information exists in the sequence of these nucleotides, and genes exist as stretches of sequence along the DNA chain. These chains coil into a double a-helix structure and wrap around proteins called Histones which provide the structural support. DNA wrapped around these histones are called chromosomes. Viruses sometimes use the similar molecule RNA instead of DNA as their genetic material. DNA normally exists as a double-stranded molecule, coiled into the shape of a double helix. Each nucleotide in DNA preferentially pairs with its partner nucleotide on the opposite strand: A pairs with T, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand.
== Athletes who have deadlifted 1000 pounds or more == The following table lists the athletes who have achieved the feat. Although only the heaviest lift is mentioned for each athlete, the year they achieved the 1000 pound mark for the first time is also indicated. The list consists of both competition and training lifts. The all-time world record stands at 511 kg (1,126.56 lb), achieved by Mexico's Raul Flores.
The Protein Structure Initiative (PSI) was a USA based project that aimed at accelerating discovery in structural genomics and contribute to understanding biological function. Funded by the U.S. National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) between 2000 and 2015, its aim was to reduce the cost and time required to determine three-dimensional protein structures and to develop techniques for solving challenging problems in structural biology, including membrane proteins. Over a dozen research centers have been supported by the PSI for work in building and maintaining high-throughput structural genomics pipelines, developing computational protein structure prediction methods, organizing and disseminating information generated by the PSI, and applying high-throughput structure determination to study a broad range of important biological and biomedical problems. The project has been organized into three separate phases. The first phase of the Protein Structure Initiative (PSI-1) spanned from 2000 to 2005, and was dedicated to demonstrating the feasibility of high-throughput structure determination, solving unique protein structures, and preparing for a subsequent production phase. The second phase, PSI-2, focused on implementing the high-throughput structure determination methods developed in PSI-1, as well as homology modeling and addressing bottlenecks like modeling membrane proteins.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It binds and activates PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that influences gene expression related to fatty acid metabolism and energy balance. This mechanism has been studied mainly in animals and cell models, not established as a safe human therapy.
No. It is not an anabolic-androgenic steroid; it is a synthetic PPARδ agonist. Because it is banned in sport, it is sometimes grouped with doping agents even though its chemical class differs from steroids.
Human data are limited and development was discontinued, so major effects and long-term risks are not well characterized. Some early studies examined metabolic markers, but they do not provide a basis for unsupervised use.
Cardarine targets PPARδ, a nuclear receptor involved in lipid and energy metabolism. It does not bind the androgen receptor in the way SARMs do.